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Three-dimensional hydrostratigraphical modelling to support evaluation of recharge and saltwater intrusion in a coastal groundwater system in Vietnam

Modélisation hydrostratigraphique tri-dimensionnelle pour contribuer à l’évaluation de la recharge et de l’intrusion d’eau sale dans un système aquifère côtier du Vietnam

Modelado hidroestratigráfico tridimensional para apoyar la evaluación de la recarga y la intrusión del agua salada en un sistema costero de agua subterráneo en Vietnam

为评价越南沿海地下水系统的补给和海水入侵而进行的三维水文地层模拟

Modelação hidroestratigráfica tridimensional como suporte para avaliação da recarga e da intrusão salina num sistema hidrogeológico de uma zona costeira no Vietname

Mô hình địa tầng địa chất thủy văn ba chiều hỗ trợ đánh giá bổ cập và xâm nhập mặn trong một hệ thống nước dưới đất ven biển ở Việt Nam

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Abstract

Saltwater intrusion is generally related to seawater-level rise or induced intrusion due to excessive groundwater extraction in coastal aquifers. However, the hydrogeological heterogeneity of the subsurface plays an important role in (non-)intrusion as well. Local hydrogeological conditions for recharge and saltwater intrusion are studied in a coastal groundwater system in Vietnam where geological formations exhibit highly heterogeneous lithologies. A three-dimensional (3D) hydrostratigraphical solid model of the study area is constructed by way of a recursive classification procedure. The procedure includes a cluster analysis which uses as parameters geological formation, lithological composition, distribution depth and thickness of each lithologically distinctive drilling interval of 47 boreholes, to distinguish and map well-log intervals of similar lithological properties in different geological formations. A 3D hydrostratigraphical fence diagram is then generated from the constructed solid model and is used as a tool to evaluate recharge paths and saltwater intrusion to the groundwater system. Groundwater level and chemistry, and geophysical direct current (DC) resistivity measurements, are used to support the hydrostratigraphical model. Results of this research contribute to the explanation of why the aquifer system of the study area is almost uninfluenced by saltwater intrusion, which is otherwise relatively common in coastal aquifers of Vietnam.

Résumé

L’intrusion saline est généralement liée à l’augmentation du niveau marin ou induite par un pompage excessif des eaux souterraines dans les aquifères côtiers. Cependant, l’hétérogénéité hydrogéologique du sous-sol joue également un rôle important dans l’intrusion et la non intrusion. Les conditions hydrogéologiques locales concernant la recharge et l’intrusion saline sont étudiées dans un système aquifère côtier au Vietnam où les formations géologiques présentent des lithologies fortement hétérogènes. Un modèle hydrostratigraphique tri-dimensionnel a été élaboré pour la zone d’étude par l’intermédiaire d’une procédure de classification récursive. La procédure comprend une analyse de cluster qui utilise comme paramètres la composition lithologique, la longueur de la distribution et l’épaisseur de chaque intervalle lithologique distinct de 47 forages, pour distinguer et cartographier les intervalles de logs de forage de propriétés lithologiques similaires dans des formations géologiques différentes. Un schéma hydrostratigraphique en 3D est ainsi généré à partir du modèle construit et est utilisé comme un outil pour évaluer les écoulements liés à la recharge et à l’intrusion saline dans le système aquifère. Le niveau d’eau souterraine et la chimie de l’eau, et des mesures directes géophysiques de résistivité, sont utilisés pour calibrer le modèle hydrostratigraphique. Les résultats de cette recherche contribuent à l’explication de la raison pour laquelle le système aquifère de la région d’étude n’est presque pas influencé par une intrusion saline, ce qui est par ailleurs relativement courant dans les aquifères côtiers du Vietnam.

Resumen

La intrusión de agua salada está generalmente relacionada con el ascenso del nivel del mar o la intrusión inducida debido a una extracción excesiva de agua subterránea en los acuíferos costeros. Sin embargo, la heterogeneidad hidrogeológica del subsuelo también juega un rol importante en la (no) intrusión. Se estudian condiciones hidrogeológicas locales para la recarga y la intrusión de agua salada en un sistema de agua subterránea costero en Vietnam donde las formaciones geológicas exhiben litologías altamente heterogéneas. Se construyó un sólido modelo tridimensional hidroestratigráfico del área de estudio a través de un procedimiento de clasificación recursivo. El procedimiento incluye un análisis en cluster que usa como parámetros la composición litológico, la distribución en la profundidad y espesor de cada intervalo perforado litológicamente distintivo de 47 perforaciones, para distinguir y mapear los intervalos de registros de pozos de propiedades litológicas similares en diferentes formaciones geológicas. Se generó un block diagrama hidroestratigráfico 3D a partir del modelo sólido construido y es usado como una herramienta para evaluar las trayectorias de recarga y la intrusión de agua salada en el sistema de agua subterránea. El nivel y la química del agua subterránea, y las medidas geofísicas de resistividad de corriente continua (DC), son usados para apoyar el modelo hidroestratigráfico. Los resultados de esta investigación contribuyen a la explicación de por qué el sistema acuífero del área de estudio casi nunca está influenciado por la intrusión de agua salada, lo que es por otra parte relativamente común en acuíferos costeros de Vietnam.

摘要

海水入侵通常与海平面上升或由于过度开采沿海含水层的地下水而诱发的入侵有关。然而,地表之下的水文地质非均质性在(非)入侵中发挥着重要作用。本文研究了越南一个沿海地下水系统的补给和海水入侵的水文地质条件,这个地下水系统的地层具有很高的非均质性岩性。通过递归分类程序建立了研究区三维水文地层实体模型。这个程序包括聚类分析,聚类分析结果作为47个钻孔中每个岩性上与众不同钻井间隔的岩性组成、分布深度和厚度的参数,以区分和绘制不同地地层类似岩性特性的测井间隔。根据建立的实体模型生成三维水文地层栅状剖面图,用作评价地下水系统补给通道和海水入侵的工具。地下水位、化学条件及地球物理直流电电阻率等各项测量结果用来支持水文地层模型。这项研究有助于解释为什么研究区的含水层系统几乎没有受到海水入侵的影响,而海水入侵在越南其他沿海含水层中相对很常见。

Resumo

A intrusão salina é geralmente associada a uma subida do nível do mar ou a uma intrusão induzida devida ao excesso de extração de água subterrânea em aquíferos costeiros. No entanto, a heterogeneidade hidrogeológica da subsuperfície joga também um papel importante na (não)-intrusão. São estudadas as condições hidrogeológicas locais para a recarga e para a intrusão salina num sistema hidrogeológico costeiro do Vietname, onde as formações geológicas exibem litologias altamente heterogéneas. Foi construído um modelo hidroestratigráfico tridimensional (3D) sólido da área de estudo, através de um procedimento classificativo recursivo. O procedimento inclui uma análise de agrupamento que usa como parâmetros a composição litológica, a distribuição em profundidade e a espessura de cada intervalo litológico distinto de 47 sondagens, para distinguir e mapear intervalos de perfis de sondagem com propriedades litológicas similares em diferentes formações geológicas. A partir do modelo sólido construído foi gerado um diagrama de cerca tridimensionnal da hidroestratigrafia usado como uma ferramenta para avaliar os caminhos de recarga e a intrusão salina no sistema hidrogeológico. São usadas medições do nível da água subterrânea, do quimismo e de resistividade geofísica com corrente direta (CD) para suportar o modelo hidroestratigráfico. Resultados desta pesquisa contribuem para explicar porque é que o sistema aquífero da área em estudo não é praticamente influenciado pela intrusão salina, o que é relativamente comum nos aquíferos costeiros do Vietname.

Tóm tắt

Xâm nhập mặn thường liên quan đến nước biển dâng hay khai thác nước quá mức trong các tầng chứa nước ven biển. Tuy nhiên, tính phân dị về địa chất thủy văn của môi trường chứa nước cũng đóng vai trò quan trọng ảnh hưởng đến quá trình xâm nhập mặn. Trong bài báo này, các tác giả đã nghiên cứu điều kiện địa chất thủy văn đối với bổ cập và xâm nhập mặn của một hệ thống nước ngầm ven biển ở Việt Nam gồm các thành tạo địa chất có tính phân dị cao về thành phần thạch học. Một mô hình địa tầng địa chất thủy văn ba chiều (3D) đã được các tác giả xây dựng theo một quy trình phân loại lặp. Quy trình này bao gồm việc áp dụng kỹ thuật phân tích nhóm dựa trên 4 thông số về tuổi địa tầng, thành phần, chiều sâu phân bố và chiều dày của các lớp thạch học trong cột địa tầng của 47 lỗ khoan để nhóm gộp và liên kết các khoảng chiều sâu khoan thành các lớp có cùng đặc tính giống nhau. Trên cơ sở kết quả phân tích nhóm này, mô hình và mạng lưới mặt cắt địa tầng địa chất thủy văn ba chiều đã được xây dựng và sử dụng như một công cụ để luận giải con đường bổ cập và xâm nhập mặn đến hệ thống nước dưới đất. Mực nước, thành phần hóa học của nước dưới đất và kết quả đo mặt cắt điện cũng đã được sử dụng để hỗ trợ thành lập mô hình và mặt cắt nói trên. Kết quả của nghiên cứu này đã góp phần lý giải tại sao hệ thống nước dưới đất trong vùng nghiên cứu hầu như không bị xâm nhập mặn, trong khi phần lớn các tầng chứa nước ven biển khác ở Việt Nam thường hay bị nhiễm mặn.

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Acknowledgements

This study has been carried out within the cooperative research project FWO.2011.38 “Study to build a toolset for assessment of impact of global climate change and seawater level rise on groundwater resources and ability to meet water use demand of local residents in coastal areas of Vietnam”, which is funded by the National Foundation for Science and Technology Development of Vietnam (NAFOSTED) and the National Fund for Scientific Research of Belgium (FWO). The authors are grateful to all the project staff for their contributions. Special thanks go to Mr. Vu Van Thanh from NAWAPI for his enthusiastic support in the interpretation of available geophysical data in this study.

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Tam, V.T., Batelaan, O., Le, T.T. et al. Three-dimensional hydrostratigraphical modelling to support evaluation of recharge and saltwater intrusion in a coastal groundwater system in Vietnam. Hydrogeol J 22, 1749–1762 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-014-1185-2

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